是什么阻止了我们使用更创新的结构材料?

For almost a century we have designed buildings using four structural materials: steel, concrete, timber and masonry. There have been some developments – we’ve regulated steel section sizes and grades, developed precast concrete and created engineered timber products such as glulam and CLT – but the structural elements of most buildings are made of one of those four materials. We actually use concrete so much that it is now the second-most abundant substance on earth; the only thing we have more of is water.

What is it about these four materials that makes them so great? And, with huge technological advances in other sectors, what’s stopping us from developing greener, more efficient options?

Concrete clearly is an incredibly useful material. It’s cheap, easy to make and use, and widely understood. It works well in compression and, when properly maintained, has a relatively long life. But are we using concrete because it’s the most suitable material, or are we designing our buildings to suit a concrete structure because it’s cheap and easy? If the latter, could we be using other materials instead?

One of the main barriers to using less conventional materials is regulation. For a structural engineer, the easiest way to justify that your structure is suitably well designed is to design it to the Eurocodes, and the materials covered most thoroughly are steel, concrete, timber and masonry. Should you deviate from these, justifying your structure to building control and insurance providers becomes more difficult. Even widely used materials such as stone require more thorough testing and justification, and you often have to relate them to the standards for other materials – for example, a stone structure might meet parts of the masonry code as well as parts of cladding codes.

Even reasonably simple materials can be difficult to justify, but with testing and an open-minded contractor there are many low-tech, low-carbon natural construction options which should be considered. On a site with the right ground conditions, rammed earth walls could act as a load-bearing structure, if you’re prepared to alter the architectural layout to allow for a different kind of construction. Straw bales, or bales made from a variety of other recycled materials, can also be used as a structural element, while also helping to insulate the building. Cork blocks, made from reconstituted waste cork, can be used as a lightweight structural alternative, offering good resistance to fire, water and rot.

如果我们看更多的高科技材料，玻璃增强塑料(GRP)和碳纤维都可以在结构上使用。其他行业已经成功地使用了这些材料，并有一些在建筑中使用的例子。碳纤维的强度明显高于钢，同时也轻得多，这使得它非常适合重量很重要的小型结构使用(如自行车)。然而，当考虑将其作为一种建筑材料时，其明显较高的成本通常是令人望而却步的——将其与另一种材料结合使用或在重量重要的情况下使用可能是一种选择。玻璃板已经成功地用于高性能的情况下，特别是因为它可以携带高拉伸载荷，是一种完全惰性和不导电的材料。GRP和CRP(碳增强塑料)已经用于复杂形状的覆板。

If we allow our building forms to be led by the materials, perhaps we could combine the low-tech and high-tech in more unusual combinations to make the best of their structural properties. We could create 3D printed CRP columns and arches supporting rammed earth vaults, or a load-bearing wall formed from cob reinforced with plastic fibres. The possibilities are endless once we get comfortable with a wider range of materials.

Or maybe there’s another material out there that we haven’t discovered yet. With concrete and steel so readily available, and relatively little consideration of the environmental impacts of producing these materials, perhaps the issue is that we’ve stopped trying to find something better. New materials will always be more difficult and more expensive to use, but the more widespread they are, the cheaper and better understood they become. We cannot and should not continue to build in concrete just because it’s easy – our planet simply can’t support it. We have to find ways to use other materials that have less of an impact, even if it’s more difficult.